CIPD Course-Employee Relations - UK based system Essay - 1

CIPD Course-Employee Relations - UK based system - Essay Example this definition, one could outline several reasons why performance management is required: first of all, to run an organisation, one must be aware of the people who work within it, and of the skills that the staff members possess, so that before setting any target one could outline the plan of action and, moreover, consider the risk factors involved. Performance management allows managers to keep regular check of performance on an individual and group basis. Workforce acts as bearings in a machine that need to be kept clean and oiled on a regular basis; the same applies to PMS (CIPD 2013, pp. 3–4). Another purpose of using performance management is to control the budget of an organisation; it may include setting salary grades and hiring or firing people. Therefore, to maintain a business or to run an organisation, performance management has become a necessity in the present day scenario. 2. Data Gathering, Observation and Communication: To establish a frictionless momentum for a company, it is compulsory to maintain regular checks and balances. This is only possible in the presence of a keen observer, who is knowledgeable of the past and present, and does know how to communicate his/her findings to the workforce (CIPD 2013, pp. 2–25). 3. Performance Appraisal Meetings: The purpose of performance appraisal is to establish ground for both the lateral and vertical movement of employees. With the implementation of various tools and techniques, performance appraisal provides crucial inputs for succession planning and job rotation (CIPD 2013, pp. 2–25). Motivation refers to the force that urges an individual to work. Whether the job is simple or complex in nature or whether working hours are long or short, better output can be achieved provided motivation is there. Motivating factors are given importance in the industry. Pleasant and positive physical factors stir up motivation. Factors of motivation are also taken into account in the study of morale and

Identity and Postmodernism | Essay

Identity and Postmodernism | Essay Critically assess the contention that identities are, plural, unstable, situationally enacted, and sites of contestation. The stability or otherwise of identity has become a major battleground for sociological theorists in recent times. The infamous ‘postmodern’ turn has rendered identity a deeply problematic phenomenon. In this paper I will investigate the claim that identities are unstable sites of contestation. I will do this by examining the dissolution of identity within postmodern theory before examining both the negative and more importantly, the positive consequences of this.[1] This will enable a deeper understanding of precisely what is meant by this fluid notion of identity, and where possible criticisms and inconsistencies can be located within this theory. The debate over the stability of identity is one that is inseparably linked to postmodernism. This diverse group of theories centre around, in Lyotard’s (1984:xxiv) famous phrase, ‘incredulity toward meta-narratives.’[2] Postmodernists maintain that the project of modernity has failed, and that no single source or body of knowledge can legitimise itself as a universal measure of value or identity. This obviously has some profound effects on the ways in which we would normally think about the world. Postmodernism no longer allows us to theorise society into homogenous identities which can then be totalised in a grand-theory or meta-narrative. This is also the case when it comes to the identification of the self. Rather than the self maintaining a stable core of identity, from a postmodern perspective identity is fluid and is dependant upon where the self is historically and culturally situated. As Luntley (1985:185) notes, this conception of the self threatens the very possibility of self-identity: The loss of self-identity is threatened because if we situated the self in real historical circumstances, we would situate it in things that are contingent and constantly changing. Therefore, the self would also be constantly changing. It would be in flux and would have no continuing identity. Once the very identity of the self comes under threat, then so does the possibility of any coherency in social theorising. A postmodern society is one in which the identities of the social actors are undergoing constant transformation. Identity then becomes open to contestation as there is no longer any ultimate referent (truth, science, God etc.) to provide universal legitimation. In Lyotard’s terms, the impossibility of a grand or meta-narrative leads to the social being constructed of small narratives, none of which are necessarily more valid than another. Any theory that aims at totalising society should only be seen as one constructed from a particular perspective (e.g. one that still remains in the logic of modernity), rather than a totalising theory as such. Whilst postmodernism can be viewed as liberating and opening up seemingly limitless opportunities for re-theorising society, it does at the same time impose new problems. Firstly, there seems to be an inconsistency in the postmodernist stance, as it could be argued that the theory of the dissolution of meta-narratives is a type of meta-narrative itself. This criticism can also be applied to the postmodernist take on identity, for in arguing that identity is ultimately unstable and fluid postmodernists inadvertently provide a certain rigid structure in which identity operates (i.e. that all identity must be unstable). So whilst postmodernism is liberating on the one hand, on the other it sets limits to the very possibility of any meaningful social theory or practice. This is exemplified in the disparity between postmodern theorists, some of which view postmodernism as opening up huge opportunities for getting rid of authoritarian grand theories, others view it as essentially debilitating as the only thing that can prevail in postmodern societies is a sense of meaningless flux. Within this disagreement the postmodern analysis of identity remains reasonable intact, both sides of the argument larg ely accept that identity is fluid and unstable. By analysing this disagreement we can therefore obtain a better understanding of the various aspects of fluid identity. Jean Baudrillard (1990:160-164) for example, argues that the dissolution of identity is a process that started in the nineteenth century and was exacerbated in the twentieth. In the postmodern era, historical processes have undermined the stability of identity, so that it becomes impossible to meaningfully theorise about social identity. Rigid identity and meaning are destroyed due to the rise of global capitalism and the demise of the referents from modernity (truth, purpose, meaning and so on). ‘Gone are the referentials of production, signification, affect, substance, history, and the whole equation of â€Å"real† contents’ (Baudrillard 1988:125). Identity now becomes a radically fluid and empty vessel, which becomes temporarily filled with content that has no foundation or ultimate meaning. Whilst for Baudrillard this cannot be thought of as a particularly positive or negative phenomenon, as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ no longer have any real mea ning in postmodernity, it does render theoretical and political action largely impotent.[3] This is why in postmodernism we are presented with numerous texts heralding the end of theory, history, meaning and so on.[4] The dissolution of identity means for many postmodernists that theory and meaningful political action are no longer possible: The end of history is, alas, also the end of the dustbins of history. There are no longer any dustbins even for disposing of old ideologies, old regimes, old values †¦ Conclusion: if there are no more dustbins of history, this is because History itself has become a dustbin. It has become its own dustbin. Just as the planet itself is becoming its own dustbin. (Baudrillard 1994b:26) The negative aspects of the lack of fixity and grounded meaning in identity are thus very evident. Laclau and Mouffe on the other hand, in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, positively embrace the fluidity and instability of identity. Indeed, they argue that the impossibility of the closure of identity is what makes the social possible (1985:112). Society as such is therefore an impossible object for Laclau and Mouffe, as the field of identities is never fixed, but the continuing attempt to do this renders the possibility of the social. Society resists closure and remains eternally negotiable as the meanings produced to bind the social together are only temporarily fixed at nodal points by articulation (1985:11). Articulation is where social relations and identities are modified. Many differing types of articulations (political, cultural, scientific an so on) are capable of doing this, but the important thing for Laclau and Mouffe is that no one particular articulation totalises and re stricts the ability for other articulations to operate freely. Laclau and Mouffe (1985:13) argue that their concept of hegemony recognises the plurality of struggles and attempts to engage with it: The concept of ‘hegemony’ will emerge precisely in a context dominated by the experience of fragmentation and by the indeterminacy of the articulations between different struggles and subject positions. Hegemony for Laclau and Mouffe refers to the ‘battleground’ of identity. As the identity of the social is fluid and open to negotiation, different types of social articulations and struggles will attempt to hegemonise society to gain recognition. While this attempt at hegemony in itself is not a negative practice for Laclau and Mouffe, successfully achieved hegemony is. It is therefore imperative that a strong egalitarian and democratic framework is in operation for this site of social hegemony. The advent of democracy is therefore a pivotal moment in social history. Here Laclau and Mouffe (1985:186-187) concur with Claude Lefort’s analyses of the ‘democratic revolution’. Society prior to democracy was thought of as a unified body with power being embodied through that of a sovereign monarch, who was the representative of a god or gods. After the democratic revolution, power becomes an empty space without reference to a transcendental guarantor or a r epresentation of substantial social unity. A split occurs between the instances of power, knowledge, and the foundations of law which are no longer absolute. Without these foundations, no law can be fixed and everything is open to questioning. Society cannot be apprehended or controlled, the people become sovereign but their identity can never be totally given. But once we are in a democratic society, we are in danger of totalitarianism. This is because a purely social power can emerge after democracy has destroyed extra-social powers, which presents its power as total and extracts from itself alone the principles of law and knowledge. As there are no longer any foundations or a centre to political power, it becomes necessary to bind together political spaces through hegemonic articulations. But these articulations will always remain partial, as they have no ultimate foundation. Any attempt to deny the radically open nature of the social will lead to totalitarianism, be it a politic s of the ‘left’ according to which every antagonism can be eliminated and society rendered transparent, or a fascist authoritarian fixing of the social into a rigid hierarchical state system. The democratic logic of equivalence can therefore be hegemonised into totalitarianism. The radical openness of identity is therefore impinged with the danger of totalitarianism for Laclau and Mouffe.[5] To avoid this, the diverse and fluid nature of identity should be embraced within an egalitarian and democratic framework, so no particular articulation may hegemonise social identity. This is difficult however as the ultimate lack of closure for identity leads to a necessarily antagonistic network of social relations. Antagonism is caused when a discursive form of one type of identity interrupts another’s discursive frame (1985:154). The inability of a particular identity to successfully assimilate the articulations of another leads to an internal antagonism that becomes the catalyst for a further modification of itself. Hence there is no stable core to any particular identity, identity is always shifting and changing. But this is also how a democratic framework can be constructed. As all identity is open, then democratic and egalitarian ideals can permeate diff erent articulations to avoid totalitarianism: [I]t is only from the moment when the democratic discourse becomes available to articulate the different forms of resistance to subordination that the conditions will exist to make possible the struggle against different types of inequality. (1985:154-155) The openness of identity, once incorporated into a democratic framework, is therefore a positive and progressive phenomenon for Laclau and Mouffe. The impossibility of totalising society is embraced as an opportunity for new fields of thought to be created, free from the tyranny of authoritarianism. We can therefore see a great disparity between Baudrillard’s and Laclau and Mouffe’s notions of the openness of identity. Both perspectives fully accept the lack of stability in identity, yet for Baudrillard this leads to sociological and political impotence, whereas for Laclau and Mouffe this is seen as an opportunity for sociological and political creativity and action. For many theorists however, the apparent differences or similarities between various postmodern theories of unstable identity are merely superficial.[6] They claim that there are deeper problems and inconsistencies within this notion of identity itself. Zizek (2000:106-107), for example, claims that whilst Laclau and Mouffe are vehemently opposed to all forms of essentialism, and seek to affirm the radical contingency of the political and irreducibility of the social, they nonetheless have to rely on a formal existential a priori, such as ‘the logic of hegemony’. In other words, one of the main problems with this type of discourse is that in maintaining that identity and the social is radically open, it has to rely on a certain formal logic. Laclau and Mouffe have to rely on a ‘logic of hegemony’ as the natural state of identity formation and articulation, as they deny that the fluidity of identity is a historical phenomenon: Only in contemporary societies is there a generalisation of the hegemonic form of politics, but for this reason we can interrogate the past, and find there inchoate forms of the same processes that are fully visible; and, when they did not occur, understand why things were different. (Laclau 2000:200) This proposes that all social identity was always-already the result of hegemonic struggles, whilst it is only in our ‘postmodern’ world that we can recognise this. So while the maintaining of the openness of identity is a form of anti-essentialism, it is nonetheless only operable within a rigid essentialist framework. Zizek criticises this approach for its lack of historical analysis. For Zizek (2000:95) it is the process of contemporary global capitalism that has created the conditions for the demise of essentialist politics, and has led us to the ‘recognition’ of the irreducible plurality of identities.[7] Zizek argues that Laclau and other proponents of this postmodern notion of identity do not analyse the logic that makes this possible, and therefore do not engage with any theoretical confrontation with it. In fact Zizek (1993:216) and other notable theorists argue that postmodern theories of identity are merely a product of capitalism and late modernit y:[8] Far from containing any kind of subversive potentials, the dispersed, plural constructed subject hailed by postmodern theory simply describes the form of subjectivity that corresponds to late capitalism.’ Rather than postmodern identity being a liberating and revolutionary new way of rethinking the social, from this perspective it is merely a reaction of late modernity which fails to seriously engage with the major problematic of our time. It is in this sense that Hardt and Negri (2000:138) argue that ‘the postmodernist and postcolonialist strategies that appear to be liberatory would not challenge but in fact coincide with and even unwittingly reinforce the new strategies of rule.’ Postmodern notions of the fluidity of identity bring us to a political and theoretical impasse.[9] But it could be argued that this is only the case if we accept postmodernism itself as a type of totalising theory. The notion of the fluidity of identity is useful and does open up new avenues of theorising and politicising. But as Zizek and others argue, the social and historical processes that have lead up to this should play a greater role in understanding modern or postmodern identity. Some postmodernists such as Baudrillard accept these historical processes, but insist that they are irreversible under a banner of the end of history. Others such as Laclau and Mouffe insist on the positive aspects of the instability of identity, and indeed even insist that it is unavoidable. But what both these positions share is the unavoidability of groundless identity, and the ultimate impossibility of creating positive content for identity. Laclau and Mouffe may argue that positive identity is possible, within a democratic framework. But the problem of failure remains unavoidable; all identity is either a failed attempt at hegemonising the social, or if successful then it is necessarily totalitarian as it denies the radical openness of identity as such. Even in this positive use of fluid identity, negativity is still very much inscribed into its operation. The lack of fixity in identity does indeed seem to correlate with modern or postmodern subjectivity, as Zizek argues above, but claims that make this a universal and necessary phenomenon are fraught with difficulties. References Baudrillard, J. (1988) Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity Press Baudrillard, J. (1994a) Simulacra and Simulation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press Baudrillard, J. (1994b) The Illusion of the End. Cambridge: Polity Press Bauman, Z. (1992) Intimations of Postmodernity. London: Routledge Brockelman, T. (2003) ‘The failure of the radical democratic imaginary’, Philosophy and  Social Criticism, vol 29 no2, pp 183-2 Butler, J., Laclau, E. and Zizek, S. (2000) Contingency, Hegemony, Universality.  Contemporary Dialogues on the Left. London: Verso Grillo, R.D. (1998) Pluralism and the Politics of Difference State, Culture, and Ethnicity in  Comparative Perspective. Oxford : Clarendon Press Fukuyama, F.(1992) The End of History and the Last Man. London: Hamish Hamilton Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire. London: Harvard University Press Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards A Radical  Democratic Politics. London: Verso Lefort, C. (1988) Democracy and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press Lyotard, J-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester:  Manchester University Press Sim, S. (1986) ‘Lyotard and the Politics of Antifoundationalism’, Radical Philosophy,  Autumn no 44, pp 8-13 Zizek, S. (1993) Tarrying with the Negative. Kant, Hegel and the Critique of Ideology.  Durham: Duke University Press Zizek, S. (1999) The Zizek Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Zizek, S. and Daly, G. (2004) Conversations with Zizek. Cambridge: Polity Press 1 Footnotes [1] As the negative aspects of postmodern identity are clearly evident (lack of meaning, stability and so on), I will therefore concentrate more on the positive aspects of fluid identity to gain greater insight. [2] See Hardt and Negri (2000:139-140): ‘It is difficult to generalize about the numerous discourses that go under the banner of postmodernism, but most of them draw at least indirectly on Jean-Francois Lyotard’s critique of modernist master narratives †¦ [P]ostmodernist theories are defined by many of their proponents as sharing one single common denominator, a generalized attack on the Enlightenment.’ [3] ‘The dialectical stage, the critical stage is empty. There is no more stage no more stage either of mental or political solidarity.’ (Baudrillard:1990:164) [4] See for example Fukuyama (1992) [5] Here we can see parallels with Lyotard’s antagonism toward meta-narratives. [6] Grillo (1998:219) interestingly claims that there is another problem with postmodern theory: ‘There is an ambiguity in postmodernist writing in the social sciences: are we dealing with an intellectual stance (on language and so forth) or type of culture and society whose features are captured by the phrase postmodern? Or both?’ In other words, postmodernists are generally confused in their theorising, as they cannot adequately account for the origins of the dissolution of identity and meaning. [7] Zizek is not alone in this view. See for example Brockelman (2003:191): ‘[A]t the core of all social systems producing identities is a certain structure, a structure that alone makes possible the formation of diacritical or articulated identities.’ [8] See also Hard and Negri (2000:137-143) [9] Stuart Sim (1986:11) for example reproaches postmodernism for its political ineptitude, arguing that antifoundationalist political approaches are ‘uncoordinated guerrilla campaigns conducted by alienated solipsists – and one wonders how successful that would be.’

Religion and Love in Mexico :: essays research papers

Marriage in Colonial Mexico: Patriarchy and Economy In To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico, Patricia Seed argues that the Bourbon Century drastically changed the view of marriage in New Spain. She suggests that the emphasis on virtue and free will in marriage gave way to a new quasi-bourgeois family unit based upon status and patriarchal control. While this is true for the elite of eighteenth century New Spain, this could not have spread to the urban or rural poor. They did not have an overwhelming emphasis on economic prosperity or status and did not have a necessity for strict patriarchal order. The Bourbon order prompted changes in family structure. From the outset, there was a stringent focus on patriarchy and male dominance. Marriage was a decision not left for the to-be-married to decide out of love and desire, but an issue with which the entire family, especially the father, was involved. Instead of marriage being simply an expression of the mutual feelings of man and woman, it was a system of social and economic status in which the honor of patriarchal lineage was at stake. Children and parents alike had distinct visions of social moralities, but those of the father prevailed. This was the change, as described in Seed’s text, of the Bourbon century in New Spain. However, this change was not fully encompassing. The urban and rural poor would not be affected nearly as much by patriarchal domination or the evolving status of honor. As social hierarchy began basing itself more upon economic ideas, New Spain’s poor population became increasingly disenfranchised. Members of the upper class were responsible for the elevated value of status. It was the fathers of well-off families in New Spain that were encouraged to marry â€Å"honorable† spouses as to not bring â€Å"dishonor† to the family name. The daughter of an elite family would be prodded to marry and an elite man simply because of his honorable status, not his honorable sense of rectitude or moral consciousness. The church was once a sanctuary to marry those who felt bonded by an unworldly devotion, but now the church served as administrator for the will of elite patriarchs. The lower class, being void of elites, the high status of honor, and overbearing patriarchy was exempt from this defiling of sanctity. For the urban and rural poor there was no vested interest in retaining status. They were at the bottom of what had become the class system of eighteenth century colonial

Writing and Bio-organic Chemistry Review

HAD cholesterol (good) Bio-organic Chemistry Review Sheet Ill What is an alkaline? What is an alkaline? Ill. What are some common alikeness? IV. How to you make an alkaline? V. What is the mechanism of the addition of HEX across a double bond? Bio-organic Chemistry Review Sheet 3 (continued) VI. What is the mechanism of the addition offs across a double bond? The reactions of alikeness: (attach index cards here) This tip for improving your SAT score was provided by David Greensward at Verities Prep.For many college applicants, the essay is the most dreaded portion of the SAT. Many students believe that a good essay requires time to develop into something that envoys nuanced understanding of the material. Although time and skill are useful in writing a dissertation, the SAT essay is much more formulaic and simply requires an understanding of how to produce a passable piece of persuasive writing that can function with nearly every prompt. Here are three keys to creating a consistently excellent essay on the SAT: 1 . Create a template before you write an essay.BLOB: How to Improve Your SAT Essay Writing Essentially all persuasive writing has the same characteristics. The goal is to take a position on some question and support that position with evidence, which can efficiently be accomplished in a five paragraph essay (an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion). For this reason, one can essentially write the bones of the essay before one knows what the topic of the essay is. The easiest way to accomplish this is to write a bona-fide practice essay that you feel is strong and then remove all the specific references to the topic.For example, say you were writing a thesis statement on the topic of whether or not it is better for a leader to be feared or loved. (Much great writing already exists on this expansive topic, but we don't have to be Plato here. A thesis might say: â€Å"Therefore the assertion that being loved is a more powerful motivator for achieving a leader's desired goals than being feared is demonstrably true. † This is a strong thesis and could essentially be boiled down to â€Å"therefore the assertion that [position on topic] is demonstrably true. Voila! This is a thesis that can essentially work for any specific topic. From here on, all that needs to be done is to create a prototypical essay and remove all the specifics. This essay template works especially well for the introduction and conclusion, but the next tip is very helpful for the body paragraphs. . Relate topic sentences and non-personal examples back to the thesis. It is a little harder to completely script the body paragraphs, as these will be related to whatever examples you choose to include.The magic ticket in the body paragraphs, however, is to relate what you are writing back to your thesis. For instance, if one of your examples for the above topic of whether a leader should be feared or loved is Animal Farm, it is not strong to simply s ummarize the book. For example â€Å"Animal Farm is the story of how animals rise up against an unjust system, only to emulate the system they so despise. Not a bad summary of Animal Farm, but if graders want to know what happens in that book, they Just read it. Graders want to know how the example will be related back to the thesis.A better take is â€Å"The eventual societal decay and uprising of the subjugated animals in George Rowel's Animal Farm demonstrates the danger of a leader being feared, as opposed to being loved. † This is much more related to the main thesis of the essay. Also, make sure your examples are from something outside personal experience; it is far stronger to apply learning than to apply anecdotes on the SAT. BLOB: Make Your Practice Count 3. Write as if you were creating sentences for the multiple choice questions.This is a surprisingly effective tool in ensuring stylistic and grammatical clarity on the SAT. Students devote quite a bit of time to le arning potential errors on the multiple choice writing questions, but it does not always occur to them to put their own writing under the same scrutiny. All the guidelines for correct sentences can be applied to personal writing: Use active voice, check for subject verb agreement, be clear, and the list goes on and on. If the same precision applied to the writing ultimate choice questions is applied to this essay, grammar and clarity will not be issues.

Corregidor Island Essay

The Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines is a country in the Southeast Asia. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila. The country is known for its very rich culture, history, scenic spots and most especially by being hospitable due to warmth acceptance given to the guest. One of the places that are mostly visit by the tourists is the Corregidor Island and probably the most historical place in the country. Corregidor is a small rocky island in the Philippines about 48 kilometers west of Manila which is strategically located at the entrance of Manila Bay and is a part of the municipality of Cavite City. This island fortress stands as a memorial for the courage, valor, and heroism of its Filipino and American defenders who bravely held their ground against the overwhelming number of invading Japanese forces during World War II. It is also the headquarte Also known as â€Å"the Rock,† it was a key bastion of the Allies during the war. When the Japanese invaded the Philippines in December 1941, the military force under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur carried out a delaying action at Bataan. Corregidor became the headquarters of the Allied forces and also the seat of the Philippine Commonwealth government. It was from Corregidor that Philippine President Manuel Quezon and General MacArthur left for Australia in February 1942, leaving behind Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright in command. Although Bataan fell on April 9, 1942, the Philippine and American forces held out at Corregidor for 27 days against great odds. On May 6, 1942, their rations depleted, the Allied forces were forced to surrender Corregidor to Lt. Gen. Homma Masaharu of the Japanese Imperial Army after having successfully halted the Japanese advance on Australia. It was only two years and ten months later in March 1945 when the Allied forces under the command of General MacArthur recaptured Corregidor. The big guns of Corregidor are now silent and the ruins of buildings, structures, and tunnels in the island tell a very moving story of a war that has claimed so many lives. A visit to this former battleground is a memorable experience especially for those who cherish and value peace and freedom. In his speech delivered at the signing of the surrender of Japan aboard the U.  S. S. Missouri at Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, General Douglas MacArthur said, â€Å"It is my earnest hope and indeed the hope of all mankind that a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past – a world founded upon faith and understanding, a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice. † This study is carefully done by giving enough time, focus, dedication and hard work by the researchers in order to give justice to the desired topic that will help improved the level of service in the tourism industry of our dear country.

ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON WESTERN CULTURE essays

ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT ON WESTERN CULTURE essays Every new technology and invention brings along a promise of revolutionizing some area of our lives. Electromagnetism and similar other electronic technologies have however not only made a promise, they actually kept it too. The changes that has resulted from these technologies have truly revolutionized the way we do everything from communicating to commuting, from reading and writing to listening and perceiving, almost everything has changed dramatically so much so that the entire western culture is undergoing a swift transformation. Every new technology contains within it some social, economic and political properties. The seriousness or gravity of these properties depends on the extent of the technology's influence. The greater the impact, the more inflammatory the technology becomes. This is because with new technology, certain areas are likely to be affected. With a technology, which had wider range of influence, it is only natural that it would spark wider and more intense debate. This is exactly what happened when television, telegraph and now the Internet came Electronic revolution refers to the changes that electronic media such as television, radio and now the Internet have introduced in our lives. This revolution has significantly influenced our perceptions of the past, our idea of the future and our understanding of the present. In short it is responsible for major transformation of our culture and society. Since it the western nations that are most receptive of changes, they have therefore witnessed most significant revolution in their culture where most old values have been replaced by new ones. This is not exactly the case in more traditional societies of the east since culture in those countries is still heavily influenced by religious and traditional values. On the other hand, western nations experience some changes in their culture every time a new electronic technol...

The Essay Expert Presents How to Write a Killer LinkedIn Profile - Wednesday April 6, 1200pm CST

The Essay Expert Presents How to Write a Killer LinkedIn Profile - Wednesday April 6, 1200pm CST Some of you have been on my LinkedIn webinars before. At least one of you got a call from a recruiter one week after making the changes I suggested just from listening to the webinar!   Want to hear the recording of my last webinar?   Click on   How to Write a Killer LinkedIn Profile. Your next opportunity to hear me present LIVE is this Wednesday, April 6, 2011 at 12:00pm Central time.  Ã‚   Why would you want to attend this webinar? If you are a professional in any industry, you simply cant afford to have a mediocre LinkedIn profile. Your potential employers will all be scrutinizing your profile, and you want to make a great impression. In this webinar, I will take you through the most important sections of your profile and the most important strategies for getting found. Topics covered: Why care about LinkedIn? Whats the point of 500+ connections? What should I write in my headline to get found? What should I write in my Summary? What are LinkedIn applications and how do I use them? How do I add LinkedIns new sections to my profile? How can I make the most of LinkedIn groups? Join me and Robert Shindell of ilostmyjob.com to learn the answers to these questions and make a Killer impression on the people who find you on LinkedIn. Wednesday April 6th 12:00pm CST Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinApril 3, 2011

Ellis Island Database, History, Immigrants and Lists

Ellis Island Database, History, Immigrants and Lists Ellis Island, a small island in New York Harbor, served as the site of Americans first Federal immigration station. From 1892 to 1954, over 12 million immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island. Today the approximately 100 million living descendants of these Ellis Island immigrants account for more than 40% of the countrys population. The Naming of Ellis Island In the early 17th century, Ellis Island was no more than a small 2-3 acre lump of land in the Hudson River, just south of Manhattan. The Mohegan Indian tribe who inhabited the nearby shores called the island Kioshk or Gull Island. In 1628 a Dutch man, Michael Paauw, acquired the island and renamed it Oyster Island for its rich oyster beds. In 1664, the British took possession of the area from the Dutch and the island was once again known as Gull Island for a few years, before being renamed Gibbet Island, following the hanging there of several pirates (gibbet refers to a gallows structure). This name stuck for over 100 years, until Samuel Ellis purchased the little island on January 20, 1785, and gave it his name. American Family Immigration History Center at Ellis Island Declared part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, Ellis Island underwent a $162 million renovation in the 1980s and opened as a museum on September 10, 1990. Researching Ellis Island Immigrants 1892-1924 The free Ellis Island Records database, provided online by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, allows you to search by name, year of arrival, year of birth, town or village of origin, and ship name for immigrants who entered the U.S. at Ellis Island or the Port of New York between 1892 and 1924, the peak years of immigration. Results from the database of more than 22 million records provide links to a transcribed record and a digitized copy of the original ship manifest. The Ellis Island immigrant records, available both online and through kiosks at the Ellis Island American Family Immigration History Center, will provide you with the following type of information about your immigrant ancestor: Given nameSurnameGenderAge at arrivalEthnicity / NationalityMarital statusLast ResidenceDate of arrivalShip of travelPort of origin You can also research the history of the immigrant ships that arrived at Ellis Island, NY, complete with photos. If you believe your ancestor landed in New York between 1892 and 1924 and you cant find him or her in the Ellis Island database, then make sure youve exhausted all of your search options. Due to unusual misspellings, transcription errors and unexpected names or details, some immigrants may be difficult to locate. Records of passengers that arrived at Ellis Island after 1924 arent yet available in the Ellis Island database. These records are available on microfilm from the National Archives and your local Family History Center. Indexes exist for New York passenger lists from June 1897 to 1948. Visiting Ellis Island Each year, more than 3 million visitors from around the world walk through the Great Hall at Ellis Island. To reach the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Immigration Museum, take the Circle Line - Statue of Liberty Ferry from Battery Park in lower Manhattan or Liberty Park in New Jersey. On Ellis Island, the Ellis Island Museum is located in the main immigration building, with three floors dedicated to the history of immigration and the important role played by Ellis Island in American history. Dont miss the famous Wall of Honor or the 30-minute documentary film Island of Hope, Island of Tears. Guided tours of the Ellis Island Museum are available.

What makes a run on bank When is the government intervention necessary Essay

What makes a run on bank When is the government intervention necessary - Essay Example A bank run progress is an automated momentum gaining process which is, said or believed comes true as the peoples are expecting it to come true: eventually as the deposition withdrawals increase the image of the bank falls provoking many withdrawals. Continuation of a bank run for long time can result in a bankruptcy as bank runs have a very ugly reputation. Insecurity during a bank run creates fear to same extent when the room is on fire. The panic drives us to the nearest visible exit blindly like a reflex without a single thought that the seen exit shown up like an oasis is really an exit or just a mirage. Sometimes it is better not to take risks with your money. The panic or â€Å"the shout† of a bank run is as fast and as growing like a fire. This panic takes an epidemic look as the depositors start to feel the same with other banks too as an incoming shock as this kind of economic disasters are very frequently on the headlines. It’s like when my friend’s ba nk is under a bank run the next bank could be mine. So a bank run is efficiently capable of contaminating its misfortune to cause several bankruptcies at least if the total economic breakdown is managed to block. (Shin, 2009) What causes bank run? Banks have an origin of centuries. Once they were just little shops that were used to collect fund from people and use them as to lend to the borrowers. This model, however, does not look much tough. Particularly in case of depositors, they can freely withdraw their money with a small penalty where a bank cannot ever ask for the money to be returned whenever they need it. Thus, an error arises in this model. In order to nullify this error a bank generally keeps a cash reserve which the bank uses to lend money to the borrowers taking only a little part from the deposits. However, if the bank is completely healthy it can survive a bankruptcy in the long run, but the sufferings of a bank run cannot be avoided when many people take their money back much than the cash reserved. So if a rough situation arises like this all depositors may not get their money back. The thing that makes the situation much worse is the first come first serve policy of the withdrawal. As long the bank have their cash reserve depositors can take their money back, but beyond the cash reserve level the bank is unable to return the money back. Hence, the insecure and desperate depositors rush to the bank to take their money bank thinking this to be a bank run. On forcing the borrowers to return fast the bank undergoes a loss as fire sales occur and the money taken back is very less may be less than the total deposits. In September 2007, a United Kingdom bank called Northern Rock experienced a severe bank run when depositors rushed to the bank to withdraw their money. UK experienced bank run even before. In case of US also bank run was not uncommon prior to 1930s. However, bank runs become rare after that. Why do bank runs exits?   There are three main reasons. (Shin, 2009) (I) Individual Liquidity Shock: Money could be needed in any time as an individual could suffer a liquidity shock for various reasons such as damage repairs from any sort of disaster, loss of earning, emergency hospitalization which leaves no choice to the depositors to withdraw their money. When the individual liquidity shock is completely independent and there are multiple depositors ten we consider it as the aggregate liquidity shock is non- stochastic, so in that case for a particular period of time a fixed amount of deposits are allowed to be withdrawn. This way the policy of cash reserve can resolve the bank run problem. In reality completely independent liquidity shocks are quite unrealistic as aggregate liquidity shocks are found normally in the time of currency crisis or natural disasters. That

Prince of Hijaz and Ottoman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prince of Hijaz and Ottoman Empire - Essay Example Ottoman Empire in Arab peninsula extended over four centuries, and with an authority that fluctuated in terms of strength and weakness. Further, this period also saw the rise of the Saudi Kingdom referred to as Al Saud. The alliances that were later formed in this region resulted in the expansion of Saudi and which provides impetus to the Saudi Arabian dynasty in the present day. The history of the Prince of Hejaz and Ottoman Empire also provides the reader with insight of when the Saudi state was created. However, this state was later destroyed by Mohammed Ali Pasha. This later contributed to the establishment again of a smaller Saudi state that existed in Nejd. However, throughout the 19th century, Al Saud continued to pursue for control of the interior lands and which, later formed Saudi Arabia and ruled by the Al Rashid. Later in the 20th century, the hold on power by Ottoman Empire begun to collapse, this period also marked the rise to power by Ibn Saud who ruled over Riyadh, and specifically Nejd. This led to Al Saud coming back from exile in Kuwait and settled in Nejd. The rise into power enabled Ibn Saud to gain support from the Ikhwan that was a tribal army which, derived influence from Wahhabism. The local army looked upon Ibn Bijad and Faisal Al-Dawish for leadership, this army was founded in 1912 and allowed Ibn Saudi to gain strength over the Ot tomans. Further, a revolt by the unified Arabs around 1916 to 1918 contributed to the demise of Ottoman Empire and their control over Arabia. This article is an important source for this topic in the sense that it describes the history of Ibn Saud also referred to as Abdual Aziz Ibn Saud. Further, this article provides information regarding Nejd which, is considered to be an Ancient land in the Arabian Peninsula. Through this article, the reader is also able to understand where the Islam religion originated. However, later on, this

What have I learned during the programme and how can I apply this in Essay

What have I learned during the programme and how can I apply this in my future career A critical reflection - Essay Example , and during the project which will be defined, highlighting the major ones will form the outline and backbone for what this particular response paper attempts to highlight. One of the most important, and perhaps most helpful, skills that I learned during the course of this particular project has to do with the process of developing new ideas. Ultimately, my group, which consisted of four individuals, found it necessary to develop a business plan and seeks to implement this business plan in a virtual setting. As such, many ideas were developed and analyzed within this group prior to one being selected. Whereas it is of course important to underscore the fact that each member of the group provided an essential role and ultimately help to the project towards completion, it was my suggestion that was determined to be the best and provided the basis for the business plan that was eventually developed (Bouma et al., 2014). The development of the business plan serves as an essential complement, and perhaps the most important aspect of learning that was achieved during this particular semester. The underlying reason for this has to do with the fact that the bu siness plan is far more than a rough interpretation for what service or product should be offered. Instead, the business plan must make preliminary projections and considerations with respect to how this will be affected, feasibility, economic issues, potential threats and weaknesses, and a litany of concerns involving finance and the way in which such a project would be initiated, supported, and projected into the market (Meadows & Buckley, 2014). In this way, rather than the development of the business plan only taking a few days or hours to complete, this process was one that instilled a level of respect in me with regard to the importance of carefully crafting the business plan and going about it in a thorough and analytical manner (Goodwin, 2002). In terms of how this particular aspect of the project could

Interpersonal Conflict in Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Conflict in Film - Essay Example Based on the movie presented, there were two identified sources of conflict. One of these conflicts is the people-focused conflicts and the other one is the informational deficiencies. People-focused conflicts were based on emotions and feelings and present an argument by means of personal attack (Hammond, 2011, n.p.). People-focused conflict was demonstrated on the film when Sarah attacked the personal integrity of Hitch as a date doctor, seeing Hitch’s job as a scam. People-focused conflict does not only center on the main characters since it is a movie dealing with emotions. In fact, people-focused conflicts were also observed on Albert’s confrontation with Hitch telling him that love was not Hitch’s life but his job; on Sarah’s best friend attacking the integrity of the unknown date doctor; on a newspaper vendor judging Albert as Allegra’s boyfriend; and on people in the story who judged Hitch’s personality. Actually, the movie projected a predominantly people-focused conflict against the main actor, making him the person to blame for all of the related conflicts.  On the other hand, informational deficiencies such as misinterpretation from different conclusions were observed. This was demonstrated on judging Hitch unfairly as a date doctor. His viewpoints about his work have been different from the understanding of society and interpersonal conflict arises because of misunderstanding.Effective Handling of Conflict  

Velveteen Rabbit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velveteen Rabbit - Coursework Example The velveteen rabbit dialogue with the skin horse reveals that, this liberation may be a de-alienation tool to members of the society who do not understand who we are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). This reminds us that we should always evaluate our authentic self and what is genuine in our lives since having overall fulfilment in anything else that is not bona fide may not prove futile. The story unravels that our real aesthetic nature blooms from within and it’s key always to focus from within us and perceive other individuals as they are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). The IOM report centralized on how the nurses could offer the patients the best treatment services as possible by exercising their professionalism to serve humanity (Morris, January 01, 2014). This report affirms that the nurses ought to obtain the necessary credentials prior to presuming their duties. It also highlights the importance of unity in medical workplace setups. It also affirms how critical an effective open communication forum is to this setup and how it facilitates effective workflow (Morris, January 01, 2014). This integration in oneness with others is the key emphasis in the velveteen rabbit story. This unity results to harmony and co-existence among employees who build an aura of tranquility that is fundamental to the success of any organization (Morris, January 01, 2014). In Peace and Power: Creative Leadership for Building Community, Peggy Chinn focuses on how employees or members of a certain community can sustain peace, harmony and power in any institution or society for the ultimate success of all the members involved (Chinn, 2013). The author affirms that the best methodology to achieve this is to come up with strategies that involve all members’ full participation so as to accomplish the assigned tasks effectively. It also involves being kind, accommodative and considerate of one another (Chinn, 2013). This unity bonds the author’s intended message to the core values affirmed in the

Summary of September 11, 2001 Attacks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary of September 11, 2001 Attacks - Essay Example 9/11 was therefore an attack in the running conflict between faiths. According to al Qaeda, Koran teaches that giving ones life when killing infidel enemies, the Americans is a holy act. Therefore, they committed the attack because it is what their god destined them to do. The attack was also committed because of the fact that Americans are not living as Islamists do and they are therefore sinners in whatever endeavor they undertake. The al Qaeda stated that their attacks on Americans will continue until specific foreign policies on the Middle East are stopped. On the day of the attack, four planes were hijacked by terrorists and later two of them were flown into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York. This led to huge fires that after a short while led to the crumbling of the towers. One of the remaining two planes crashed in the Pentagon in Washington D.C and the last crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. The terrorists had planned that the planes crash in buildings an d landmarks but this efforts were thwarted by passengers who were on board (Lloyd 45-58). Most of the passengers were mainly sailors and solders. Due to the negative devastating effects of September 11, 2001, it is believed to be the worst terrorist attack ever to be experienced by the Americans. Some of the direct horrific outcomes were the death of about 3000 Americans and massive destruction of property. The broader vision of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 however shows different consequences including political, economic and social problems. The immediate economic effect of the attack was a sharp drop in performance of global stock markets. It was the largest insured event leading to about 40 billion dollars of insurance losses. The opening of the New York Stock Exchange had been delayed since the first plane had crashed on the north tower of the World Trade Center. The subsequent attacks led to the closure of the NYSE. Trading on the bond market also ceased as a re sult of the attacks. The Federal Reserve acted fast by introducing the discount window that was put in place to meet liquidity needs. This helped to stabilize the economy and reduce disruptions that arose in the financial system as a result of the attacks. Prices of several commodities escalated to extremely high levels. Travel and entertainment stocks experienced immediate shake up including online travel agencies while tourism plunged in New York. This led to massive losses that included sharp decline in the tourism earnings as a result of fall in hotel occupancy. This was because of lack of tourists who were reluctant to fly due to fear of repeat attacks. All these direct impacts on the economic position of USA show the elementary correlation between a country’s ability to generate wealth and the ability to defend itself. Several issues therefore came up including the worst effects of threats of terror to an economic superpower and use of economic tools to curb devastating effects of terrorist attacks. The attacks came at a time when the US economy was in the process of recovery. The costs of the attacks were devastating; the mostly affected was the infrastructure and the rescue and clean up operations. The insurance losses were due to the increased insurance rates that made insurance premium too high

Velveteen Rabbit Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velveteen Rabbit - Coursework Example The velveteen rabbit dialogue with the skin horse reveals that, this liberation may be a de-alienation tool to members of the society who do not understand who we are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). This reminds us that we should always evaluate our authentic self and what is genuine in our lives since having overall fulfilment in anything else that is not bona fide may not prove futile. The story unravels that our real aesthetic nature blooms from within and it’s key always to focus from within us and perceive other individuals as they are (Bianco & Hague, 1983). The IOM report centralized on how the nurses could offer the patients the best treatment services as possible by exercising their professionalism to serve humanity (Morris, January 01, 2014). This report affirms that the nurses ought to obtain the necessary credentials prior to presuming their duties. It also highlights the importance of unity in medical workplace setups. It also affirms how critical an effective open communication forum is to this setup and how it facilitates effective workflow (Morris, January 01, 2014). This integration in oneness with others is the key emphasis in the velveteen rabbit story. This unity results to harmony and co-existence among employees who build an aura of tranquility that is fundamental to the success of any organization (Morris, January 01, 2014). In Peace and Power: Creative Leadership for Building Community, Peggy Chinn focuses on how employees or members of a certain community can sustain peace, harmony and power in any institution or society for the ultimate success of all the members involved (Chinn, 2013). The author affirms that the best methodology to achieve this is to come up with strategies that involve all members’ full participation so as to accomplish the assigned tasks effectively. It also involves being kind, accommodative and considerate of one another (Chinn, 2013). This unity bonds the author’s intended message to the core values affirmed in the

Critical Thinking Assignment Part Two Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking Part Two - Assignment Example The phenomenon of interest for the study appears to be risk of reoccurrence of cancer in cancer survivors 4. Abstract: The essential contents of the research are included in the abstract. The research question, focus methods, analysis, and major findings were summarized in the abstract: Background: Recent research shows that cancer survivors are at greater risk of developing cancer than the general population. Although recommended, many cancer survivors receive no regular cancer screening. Cancer survivors’ perceptions of their second cancer risk are, in part, suspected to influence their participation in cancer screening. Objective: This study was conducted to explore how cancer survivors define and interpret second cancer risk. Methods: An interpretive descriptive approach was taken whereby semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 cancer survivors (16 women and 6 men) drawn from a provincial cancer registry. The sample ranged in age from 19 to 87 years. The cancer h istory of the participants varied. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method of data analysis. Results: The overall theme, ‘‘life after cancer living with risk,’’ described cancer survivors’ sense that risk is now a part of their everyday lives. Two themes emerged from the data that speak to how cancer survivors lived with second cancer risk: (1) thinking about second risk and (2) living with risk: a family affair. Conclusions: Effective risk communication to support the decisions made by cancer survivors with respect to cancer screening is warranted. Implications for Practice: Study results provide foundational knowledge about the nature of second cancer risk that may be used to develop and refine standards for survivorship care including how second cancer risk can be best managed. 5. The Research Problem: The research problem is to determine how cancer survivors define and interpret second cancer risk (488). The question objectives a re clearly identified: to understand the risk of second cancer and be able to communicate that risk to a cancer survivor in an effective manner. The rationale for selecting the significance of the problem is clearly identified. According to the study, there is a lack of information regarding cancer risk among cancer survivors. Performing a study that analyzes this risk helps cancer survivors understand their risk of reoccurrence better. While no independent or dependent variables were identified, the study was carefully outlined by the author to include sample size, age range, and data collection methods. Operational definitions of terms were provided for a clear understanding of the study. A person-centered, open-ended interviewing approach was used when the participants were interviewed (489). 6. Review of Literature: Review of the literature is not relevant to the study, because there have been no conclusive studies in the past involving cancer survivors and their risk. The relat ionship of the problem to previous research is clear. The authors use statistics about the possibility of reoccurrence to provide a baseline for their own research. Primary sources are used, since the authors cited 19 other sources when writing their article. Secondary sources are not used, only primary sources. The range of years for the review of the literature is from 1999 to 2010. The authors clearly identify what is known and not known about the phenomenon of interest, and use that information as a baseline for th

The Impact Of Asymmetric Information And Adverse Selection Finance Essay

The Impact Of Asymmetric Information And Adverse Selection Finance Essay Nowadays financial intermediations play the important role in the economy. Firms and individuals can find sources to finance its new project. Also lender can invest their money in secure positions. Financial intermediations raise funds from the depositors for short term and lend them to the borrower for long term. The main job of those institutions is to provide finance through taking extra risk. So there are three parties engaged in those investments process. The lender or the depositor could lend his money on secure way and low cost. The borrower can find the finance of his project. The financial intermediation manages the process of those transactions. The question now is that why do lender and borrower need financial intermediation to manage this relationship. Why do not they do it directly without a third party? The answer of this question needs to know the main reasons why financial intermediations exist. There are three reasons explain this issue. First reason is that, the dif ferent requirement of those two parties. Second reason is the transaction cost. Finally is the asymmetric information. In this assay we will focus on the asymmetric information as a reason of the existence of the financial intermediation. Also, in this essay I will first explain the Asymmetric information, adverse selection and moral hazard. Then I will brief some empirical study about the issue of the effect of Asymmetric information to represent the importance of this issue. Also, I will explain the effect of the transaction cost because it has relation with the information cost to avoid unobserved information. Finally, I will explain the financial intermediary natural and their role in guiding the financial process. My conclusion refers to the importance of financial institutions to avoid asymmetric information. I am also touched upon the difference between the risk transferring and risk sharing and the fails of those conventional institutions in the last financial crisis. I reco mmended Islamic industry is an alternative to those convectional ones which can be able to withstand during the crisis because they works as a partner with their consumer and they share the risks with them. The impact of Asymmetric information, adverse selection, and moral hazard on the lender. It is important to the lender to have the good quality and quantity information about the borrower to be in the save side. When the information is poor that means there will be risk exist. Asymmetric information is an important concept in finance and needs to be understood. It means said Bucle (1998); the information refers to the situation where one party has more information than the other party. This is a problem with most types of transactions, financial or non financial transactions. In the Case of a financial transaction, the borrower will have more information about the Risks and return of the investment project for which funds are being borrowed and the lender do not have the same information the borrower does. So it may leads to actual conflict. Asymmetric information more affect lender, before he gives loan to the borrower and after. Adverse selection is the result of asymmetric information which means a bad selection with high risk of default. The adverse selection refers to the borrower with adverse return. Also, the second result of asymmetric information is moral hazard continued Bucle (1998). The lender will face this particular problems, in which always happened after lending. This problem is described as bad behaviour that accurse when the lender take the money from the lender and because the money is not belonged to him he will use it badly. He will use it for risky activities. As a result the lender will be at risk of losing his money. Karlan and at al (2005): investigate the moral hazard and adverse selection in credit market in South Africa. The random sample of 58000, of male and female, direct offers mail used by a larger lender in South Africa by three classes. First, offer interest rate. Second, contract interest rate which is equal or less the offer interest rate and revealed to more than 4000 borrowers that agreed to the first offer rate. Finally, a dynamic repayment with a good price on future loans for borrowers still in a good positions. These three stages supported by full information given to the lenders. The study setup distinguishes adverse selection from moral hazard impact on repayment. The result found that approximately 20% of default is because asymmetric information problems. Another empirical study of the impact of asymmetric information conducted by Gaul and at al (2008) investigate the effect of unobservable information on corporate loan market, and if the borrower gives the lender the incentive to reduce the asymmetric information effects. The study used a regression to give evidence of a positive relationship between some measure of loan borrower by lender, contract terms, negotiating loans, and the amount of non- publicly information. The study found that, moral hazard and adverse selection problems do exist in the corporate loan market. As a result of asymmetric information, adverse select, and moral hazard is the transaction cost. So what do we mean by transaction cost? Bucle (1998) counts four types of transaction costs which are as follows. Firstly, search cost, the borrower and the lender will be affected by high cost of searching for accurate information about each other to avoid risks associated to default and loss money. Also, verification costs, which mean the cost that accrues when lender tries, ensure that information he has is true. Furthermore, monitoring costs, the lender after given loan to the borrower should follow the borrower activities to make sure he will be able to make payment as agreed. Finally, enforcement costs, in case of default the lender wants to ensure that the lender can be enforced to get the money back. The importance of the financial intermediaries The financial intermediation is the entity which in a med position between two parties and manage the financial transaction between them. Commercial banks, investment banks, stock investing services, insurance providers, etc are examples of the financial intermediation. So we can imagine the importance of those entities. For example banks, it does the important role. Banks obtain funds from depositors and then lend those funds to borrowers. Also provide financial services said Fraser and et al (2001). Also individual as lender can get fixed income at cheaper cost. Also, when the lender uses the financial intermediary he wont need to bear those costs. He does not have to spend money and time for collecting information to find good borrower. Moreover, he can get his money back at any time he want it. Also he does not have to bear risks of default the borrower and other risks because the risks are borne by the bank. Always banks have information and policy system about their clients and diversify their investment in case mismatching the maturities of their assets and liabilities said Saunders (2008). Saunders and et al (2008) said because of costs of monitoring, liquidity, and price risk, as well as for some other reasons, savers often prefer to hold the financial claims issued by FIs rather than those issued by corporations. Diamond (1984) developed a model of delegate monitoring. Financial intermediary acts as monitor by promising the lender a fixed income and monitor the borrower activity to fulfil the lender the promise said Allen at al (2008). Another model developed by Boot and Thakor (1997) about delegated monitoring. They assume that, there are three kind of information. First, incomplete and unclear information about the future activity that the borrower is going to do and they suggest the solution is using financial market to obtain this information. Second the lender does not have information about the lender activity in term of invest the money in safe or risky project, and they suggest the solution by intermediary. Finally, borrower might have the chance to invest in a risky project and also they suggest the solution by intermediary said Allen at al (2008). Conclusion and recommendations: In conclusion, financial intermediaries do not exist by chance the economy has found them. As it shows above it exist because the need of the two separate parties and these parties represent the structure of the economy in any country. Borrower wants to have finance in his new project. Also lender need to be safe from asymmetric information, adverse selection of borrower and moral hazard and it is the financial intermediarys main job. To collect information about the borrower is not an easy task. It contains high cost for the small lenders which prevents him to invest his money. Also, he cannot give his money to the wrong person or firm. Financial intermediary could do this job on behalf of the investor. This job can be done by financial intermediaries in a low cost because of the large number of the customer they deal with. Also they act as specialist to this kind of financial transactions. However, financial intermediary is not always the haven. It has also risks of default, credit risk, liquidity risk, and etc. As we experience in the last financial crisis and the collapse of the biggest financial institutions around the world as a result of transferring risk. I think Islamic banks are the solution. They share risks instead of transfer them. Every party have to bear part of the risk to be able to continue. Transferring risks are not the solution, which means party will have nothing and other will have everything as a result part of the economy, will continue and the other part will collapse. Lets imagine the collapse party is the banks. So, the crisis will extend to the economy as a whole.

Life after high school Essay -- essays research papers fc

Life After High School I’ve just entered my senior year of high school. I know that this is a very important year. I have a lot of decisions to make and not much time to make them. These decisions will either make or break my life, and I want to make sure that I make them to the best of my ability because there is no turning back. I need to make sure I definitely want to attend college. The decision is totally up to me. There are many positives and negatives of attending college. Go over them, and then decide. I know myself better then anyone else, and I won’t let anyone else tell me what to do. I will make sure if I am going to attend college that I have something in mind that I will want to do, to succeed in. Choosing a major can be a very stressful situation so why not sit down and take some time to do it? Be creative, don’t rush, give yourself plenty of time and really think about what interests you in life. My major is something that I will want to enjoy, something that I will be doing for the rest of my life. Why would I want to be miserable at something I do in life? In two short essays: â€Å"College? What’s in It for me?† by Steven M. Richardson, and â€Å"What It Means to Be Creative†, by S.I. Hayakawa, I can relate to my major very well. Athletic Training is something that takes skill, as well as being creative in your own way. No two Athletic Trainers are the same. The more creative I am at whatever I do, the better off I will be. I hold the keys to all the doors that can ...

Just Another Day at the Office :: English Literature Essays

Just Another Day at the Office Personal computer (pc) repair technicians and doctors have a lot in common. Patients arrive at the doctor’s door bearing all manner of complaints or problems. I am sure doctors have seen and heard about every type of ignorant stunt a person can think of or do. My name is Skeeter Jones, and I have been a pc repair technician for approximately fifteen years. Like a doctor, I thought I had seen and heard of every crazy stunt imaginable until I received a call from Headaches, Incorporated about a computer crash. When I arrived at the job site, Lola and Chase, the office and terminal managers, greeted me. â€Å"Boy! Are we ever glad to see you,† they both cried in unison, â€Å"We have completely screwed up the computer.† â€Å"Well, show me the computer that is down while you tell me what happened,† I replied. â€Å"Linda, Lola’s co-worker, told us upgrading our computer system from Windows 95 to 98 would be easy for us to do ourselves. All we had to do was purchase the Windows 98 upgrade compact disc (CD),† Chase said. â€Å"Except, we could not find the CD.† Lola chimed in, â€Å"We picked out this CD instead. The salesman at Office Depot said, ’It would work just as well to upgrade our system.’† I looked down at the box she was holding in her hands. The words â€Å"Windows 2000 Upgrade† stared back at me in big, white letters. I just stood there for a minute shaking my head, and I silently groaned to myself. â€Å"Oh God! How could anybody be that stupid,† I thought. With an audible sigh, I said aloud, â€Å"Let me run a few diagnostic tests. I will be able to tell you how much damage has occurred in a couple of minutes.† I started with the basic stuff like making sure the computer would boot up. Then, I progressed layer by layer to the heart of the system. The tests took me nearly three hours to complete. As I dug deeper and deeper into the computer, I was utterly amazed at how much damage they had wreaked in such a short amount of time and with only an upgrade software kit. â€Å"Well guys, it looks as if you have managed to confuse the hell out of this computer,† I told them, â€Å"You have two different types of file systems on it now.

Online gambling and social responsibility Essay

The Gaming Industry does not escape as any other industry in acting responsibly and being sensible to the society in which it operates. Since the early 50s and 60s when the gaming industry was targeted and tagged as one controlled by criminals, and as cited earlier in this paper, the industry has been regulated constantly to prevent customers to be the target and profit and limit the expansion of the gambling criminal activities. But with the constant regulatory eye of the government, how can’t the gaming industry act as any other where the main purpose of business activity is the creation of profits? In an attempt to portray the main and traditional intention of a business, Cavico explains that a corporation main purpose in our society is the profitable production and distribution of goods and services (Cavico, 2009). In fact, that is how corporations invest money in a business opportunity to create profits, and gradually based on the market and business condition, look for an expansion of their operations in the search for more opportunities and profits. The online gaming industry, domestic or international, has this intent as their main purpose of existence. Exploring the social responsible side of corporations, John Bussey in a Wall Street Journal article, introduces a justification why companies would benefit from adopting the social responsible side, by mentioning Starbucks’s CEO, Howard Schultz in promoting corporate social responsibility in companies. Also, the article also compares Mr. Schultz’s viewpoint with Milton Friedman’s position. Mr. Friedman said that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game. † However, Mr. Schultz’s corporate social responsible movement states in contrast that â€Å"companies that hold on to the old-school, singular view of limiting their responsibilities to making a profit will not only discover it is a shallow goal, but an unsustainable one,† and added that â€Å"values increasingly drive consumer and employee loyalties. Money and talent will follow those companies whose values are compatible. â€Å"(Bussey, 2011). With this context in mind, Milton Friedman, in a New York Times article, explains eloquently the role of government and elected representatives are the ones providing all rules, regulations and environment necessary for a responsible and welfare of the society, and concludes that by political principle, this is the main domain of government and not corporations (Friedman, 1970). Thus, how can the Online Gaming industry take advantage of the gambling status quo and be socially responsible, improve acceptance of society, and in return expands their business activities online? The gaming industry has been limited to ground operations based primarily on the fact that they have already impacted vulnerable customers in our society. Several aspects such as financial instability, emotional and psychological impact, and addiction to both gambling and internet use, are the negative factors to consider in the public forum and discussion for internet gambling acceptance in our society (Griffits, 2002). Many medical studies revealed how customers are socially, psychologically and economically impacted by the persistent side effects of online gaming and what how the medical community defines this type of addiction risk as pathological gambling (Harvard Health, 2004). Pathological gambling as disorder presents in addicts preoccupation of past, present and future, need to increase wagers, repeated unsuccessful efforts to stop or cut back, escape from every day problems, restlessness, committing illegal acts to finance gambling, lying, losing or jeopardizing careers or family relationships, and/or requesting gifts or loans to pay gambling debts (Harvard Health, 2004). With this context, gambling customers are exposed to either initiate these behaviors, continue with their present trends, or making them worse in the future without adequate education and/or professional counseling. To make matters worse, the technology diversification found on intelligent mobile devices such as intelligent phones and tablets, besides computers at home, are an open channel for many individuals to internet gambling (Griffits, 2002). With the recent trend of extensively social networks use, the elevated impact of texting or posting comments anytime and anywhere, and the serious accidents seen in recent years, lawmakers will see very difficult to work with both sides: either advocating the main purpose of online gambling on the merely entertainment business grounds, and thereforerelaxing their current   limitations and prohibition, or to promote the prohibition of the such business operation medium. Still in this background, the recent mobile technology diversification and the potential increase of compulsive behaviors mentioned above, will make matter worse to build a positive case for this industry. In response to create awareness among operators, regulators and the public of the potential problem that internet gambling represents, the National Council on Problem Gaming, an organization founded in 1972 as a non-partisan, non-profit organization that is neutral on legalized gambling, advocates for programs and services to assist problem gamblers and their families, published in April 2012 an Internet Responsible Gaming Standards. The document available at ncpgambling. org shows a summary of recommendations to nationally advocate programs and services to help problem gamblers and their families (National Council 2012). The NCPG is one of the many initiatives found domestically to provide support to Internet gambling addicts and promote awareness. Other organizations such as the Gamblers Anonymous (gamblersanonymous. org) and National Center for Responsible Gaming (ncrg. org) are among non-profit organizations dedicated to assist, advocate and promote responsible gaming practices and the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for gambling disorders among all legislators, regulators, researchers, treatment professionals, industry representatives and informed citizens. On the consumer side, and according to the American Gaming Association (AGA) website, while current U. S. laws prevent the use of betting on online sites which are mostly based overseas, American consumers feel that both technology and times have changed, and the internet gambling option is something that should be passed by congress. Presently, consumers are exposed to either prosecution by federal authorities, or to the mercy of overseas gaming companies out of the jurisdiction of U. S.authorities, making this more difficult and risky (AGA 2012). Viewing the aspect of social responsibility from a different angle, other industries found beneficial exploring and integrating the corporate social responsibility (CSR) aspect to the point that is now incorporated as part of the daily business activities. The interest and move for being a CSR company follows, as Cavico states, that a corporation cannot sustain economic viability in an even, unstable and deteriorating society. In some examples portrayed by Cavico, Google efforts to combat poverty, Starbucks assisting growers in developing countries, and Microsoft supporting the fight to obesity among employees, are some examples of the efforts companies employed to be more appealing to the cause of social responsibility (Cavico 2009). Being attractive has two other focuses. Number one, gain better public image with society and consumers, and number two, improve attraction to investors who are looking for environmentally responsible companies. For example, Starbucks customers are more sympathetic to consume coffee knowing that it comes from a fair certified grower. At the same time, Starbucks improves and changes the marketing strategy, makes themselves more appealing to socially minded investors (Cavico, 2009). Within the same context used by other companies, currently gambling corporations follow the same concept of the CSR entity with the assistance of the American Gaming Association (AGA, americangaming. org). Each company that is listed under the AGA website lists their own efforts to be more socially responsible providing programs at employee levels, support the National Council for Responsible Gambling and promote responsible gambling through websites. However, each one follows in this respect the same rhetoric of cooperating or supporting an organization, but there are no references to case studies, or links explaining the success in other areas such as schools or universities, or expanding the actual work of being a CSR company that cares about their customers and society, failing to make a stronger case in search of acceptance and informing the society. In contrast, Google provides in their corporate page detailed information for each assisting program the company is involved domestically and internationally. The authors believe that here is where the industry can make a major case and effort to improve their future expansion into the online arena. It is certain that corporations in general are under the scrutiny of two entities. First, society in general who looks for these organizations to be corporate socially responsible, and recognized as major driver providing work opportunities in several areas of the country. Also, divulging that part of their current CSR efforts are producing results by means of improvement in areas of concern such as education, income and health. Second, the company, by promoting their CSR efforts and results, will become more attractive to conscious investors who are looking for CSR companies with excellent CSR results investing their profits in those communities where they operate. Finally, the authors believe that the internet gambling industry has a good opportunity to remove old labels as threats to society by lessening the potential impact in society with addiction and other illegal activities related, and to build and expand their CSR plans to move into the direction other companies enjoy with the public opinion. This industry has the capacity and capability to deliver a strong case that online gaming is another entertainment activity, and that it will act socially responsible, not only giving back to their communities, but also operating in thorough and healthy regulatory environment. Most importantly, the industry can take advantage that the 21st century American society is more open to accept the industry if it displays results back in the search of a case for their future domestic online service. References Cavico, Frank J. , and Bahaudin G. Mujtaba.Business Ethics: The Moral Foundation of Effective Leadership, Management, and Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009. 12, 162-169 Friedman, Milton (1970). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. New York Times. Retrieved from ttp://www. colorado. edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business. html. Accessed on 2 September 2012. Bussey, John (October 2011). Are Companies Responsible for Creating Jobs? Wall Street Journal (Online), pp. n/a-n/a. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052970204505304577001930473006096.html? mod=WSJ_business_LeftSecondHighlights. Accessed on 2 September 2012. Griffits, Mark D. and Parke, Jonathan (2002) The Social Impact of Internet Gambling. Nothingham Trent University, Department of Political Science. Retrieved from http://www. eou. edu/~jdense/griffithsparke. pdf. Accessed on 06 August 2012. Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Mental Health (March 2004). Problem Gambling. Retrieved from http://www. health. harvard. edu/newsweek/Problem_gambling. htm. Accessed on 24 August 2012. National Council on Responsible Gambling (2012). Public Education and Outreach. Retrieved from.

Bhopal Ethics Essay

The Bhopal gas leak was a terrible tragedy in which thousands of helpless civilians were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured as they slept. Determining who was at fault and, consequently, who should compensate the victims and clean up the site are questions that have plagued the affected parties, my Rotman classmates and the world at large for over 25 years. The analysis to follow, in attempting to present the roles and responsibilities of each major player, will demonstrate the incredible difficulty involved in assigning conclusive responsibility for the tragedy. This will be followed by my personal reflections on the incident in which I present an additional culprit to those discussed in class. Union Carbide Corporation (US): In seeking to assign responsibility for the incident, there are two clear opportunities to point the finger at Union Carbide Corporation. Firstly, pressure from the corporate office to stop losses backed Union Carbide India into a corner that led to the cost-cutting proposal that ultimately produced the disaster. If, as Milton Friedman said, the social responsibility of a business is to increase profits, then Union Carbide Corporation is under a purely fiduciary, and not a moral or ethical, responsibility to the company’s shareholders and their decision to approve the cost-cutting plan seems appropriate. Friedman’s view, however, is far from universally accepted. Many believe that corporations’ responsibilities to their shareholders, employees, customers and communities extend past fiduciary and enter the realms of ethics and CSR. These people will lay blame for the incident at Union Carbide Corporation for putting profits before people. A second criticism often leveled at Union Carbide Corporation is the fact that their inspectors had visited the Bhopal plant a year before the incident and noted sixty-one safety issues. A grand total of zero of these recommendations had been implemented by the time of the incident. While responsibility for implementation certainly rests with Union Carbide India, the parent company cannot escape blameless as they bear responsibility for following up and ensuring their plants are meeting their own safety guidance. This negligence led to disaster. Union Carbide India Limited: The Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide’s level of responsibility for the Bhopal tragedy is also difficult to determine. It clearly bears responsibility for non-functioning safety and emergency equipment that greatly exacerbated the scope of the tragedy. It is simply unacceptable that the cooling unit had been disabled for over one year. Union Carbide India also failed its responsibilities by hiring under-qualified and illiterate employees, and then failing to train them appropriately. These employees did not understand the dangers and worked in a world where minor leaks were commonplace and corroded instruments could not be trusted. As well, the subsidiary surely deserves blame for not correcting any of the safety violations identified before the incident. Defendants of the Indian subsidiary, however, will remind their critics that cutting these corners were required to keep their plant open and preserve their jobs and important pesticides. Without pressure from their US parent to eliminate losses, they argue, such drastic measures would not have been necessary. Here again we see how easily complications arise when attempting to assign responsibility for ethical lapses. Government of India: The government of India was the strongest proponent in bringing a Union Carbide plant to Bhopal as the prospect of jobs and much needed pesticides led to an offer Union Carbide could not refuse: cheap labour, tax breaks, few workplace safety restrictions and a guaranteed market for 100% of their output. The Government of India, in addition to economic growth, also bears responsibility for the safety and well-being of its citizens; here, they failed to live up to their full mandate. Firstly, the decision to favour economic growth over safety was questionable ethically and ended up costing them dearly. Secondly, the Government neglected the densely-populated shanty town that had grown up near the plant on land deeded from local officials. Its residents were the first and main victims of the poisonous gas. Still, many will argue that a cost-benefit analysis made creating jobs and accessible pesticide for a poor and hungry region the proper priority. While many were ultimately harmed by the leak, how many more had benefitted from the poverty-alleviating jobs and hunger-alleviating crops? Here again we find valid points and counter-points, leaving us no closer to assigning conclusive blame and responsibility for the tragedy. Dow Chemical: While Dow certainly protected itself in the purchase agreement from a legal standpoint, there are those that suggest the proper ethical action is for Dow to assume responsibility for any outstanding clean up and compensation. While this may innately feel like the right thing to do, the counterpoint that Dow had nothing to do with the incident and should not be punished after paying fair market value for Union Carbide is also valid. Personal Reflection: Analyzing the conduct of the major parties has not produced any conclusive allocation of responsibility. It is clear that each party deserves significant blame but no party deserves total blame. There is, however, an overlooked culprit that I believe deserves the bulk of the blame: the expectations market that has hijacked the decision making of US corporations(1). Ever-increasing emphasis on the expectations market (stock prices) instead of the real market (products/services, relationships with customers and communities) has left businesses making short-term, profit-chasing decisions at the expense of their reputation, ethics and long-term viability. Approving cost cuts that jeopardized safety in Bhopal is just one of all too many such instances. This juxtaposition of ethics vs. eeting financial expectations, however, is fatally flawed – there are many examples where ethical decisions produce long term financial success (Tylenol and Maple Leaf Foods recalls, for example). Queens University took the ethical route vis a vis the Radler donation and the class poll revealed that only a very small percentage of us had heard of that incident. I believe that if Queens had ta ken the easier, unethical decision and never offered to return the donation, this story would have been much more widely publicized and Queens would have suffered in the long run. Moreover, there is no shortage of examples where short-term unethical decisions destroy companies and make them miss their projections forever! (Enron, Bre-X, Nortel, etc – sadly this is a very long list indeed). In short, I disagree with Friedman and lay the bulk of Bhopal blame at the financial system in which Union Carbide operated. Fear of getting hammered by the expectations market led to corporate’s threat to close the Bhopal plant which set off the chain reaction that ultimately ended in tragedy. Fear of incurring further losses after the tragedy than focused Union Carbide’s efforts on avoiding liability, rather than taking the ethical high-ground and assuming fair responsibility for compensation and clean up. Corporate promotion of hypernorms such as integrity, compassion and responsibility will ultimately benefit all stakeholders and provide corporations with the enduring financial rewards that accrue to those that are respected and well-liked by the real market (ie. onsumers and communities, not analysts and speculators). We need to usher in a new era where businesses chase solid reputations and community longevity instead of quarterly earnings expectations. The default corporate reaction to adversity must shift towards upholding these hypernorms, rather than hiding behind lawyers and waiting until the blame has been transferred elsewhere. Realizing that employing the ethical strategy does not compromise, but actually enhances long term financial viability is a cruc ial first step.

Of Mice and Men- Candy character analysis Essay

Steinbeck presents Candy as a vulnerable character. He does this by referencing him as an â€Å"old man† before citing his name, using pre-modification; so that the reader instantly knows not only his physical state but maybe that metaphorically he is a weak person. He is also shown to be desperate throughout the opening of chapter 2, where he tries to make friends with George and Lennie as soon as he meets them. He gossips about other people on the ranch and makes sure George â€Å"won’t tell Curley nothing†. This quote alone indicates Candy is lonely and just wants to have friends but deep down is afraid of the other men on the ranch, implying he doesn’t have many friends on the ranch at all, therefore he needs to be welcoming and confident towards George and Lennie to gain their friendship but this quote gives away his fear of Curley finding out he was talking about him and throwing him off the ranch, leading the reader to believe the ranch is the only place Candy can call home. This idea of Candy being completely alone and having no where else to go is reinforced when Steinbeck introduces Candy’s â€Å"ancient dog†, the use of pre-modification again this time with the word â€Å"ancient† helps to show that like his owner this dog is old, the lexis â€Å"ancient† has the connotations of being so old it could be considered an artifact or piece of history, this concept could suggest that Candy’s dog is in fact a part of the history of the ranch that is why he is still there because even though his dog is old and useless he is still allowed on the ranch even with no purpose, just like Candy staying on the ranch with no hand, meaning he cannot do any proper jobs except â€Å"settin’ out the wash basins†. However when Steinbeck introduces the dog at first, Candy says â€Å"my dog†, this possessive lexis could suggest Candy is proud of his dog especially as he goes on to say â€Å"he was a good sheepdog when he was younger†, you could take this quote as a declarative, him protecting but also bragging about his dog. A conflicting idea could be that Candy and dog are similar that is why Candy likes to talk and brag about his dog, Steinbeck writes for both that they are â€Å"old† and â€Å"ancient† but both are disabled in that Candy has lost his hand and the dog is so old and decrepit it cannot hunt or feed itself. Both are looking for a companion that could take care of them, they have a codependent relationship. This idea could be considered a recurring theme as some say Lennie and Georges’ relationship is co-dependent, even though George wouldn’t admit it due to his controlling personality. So the reason Candy brags about his dog is because he really wants to prove himself, and that he was in fact worthy of being on the ranch. This point of Candy and his dog being similar supports my original idea, which was that using the descriptions of Candy and his dog we find that Candy is in fact just like an old animal, a useful and valued member of any ranch as opposed to just something that takes up space, money and food.

Visual Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Visual Culture - Essay Example (Wikipedia) This text will focus on psychoanalytic theories that evidently apply to visual culture. Designed to explain how this particular science that speaks of sexuality, creativity, repression, fetishism, drives and the like could possibly be applied to visual culture, work of two renowned artists would be discussed. Andy Warhol's paintings of Marilyn have attracted much commentary from critics attempting to discern any complexity of thought or feeling in Warhol's treatment of the original image. With the fascination and argument it has evoked it serves as a perfect example that could relate psychoanalytic theories with visual arts. Alexander McQueen, with his continually provocative shows and outrageous designs, has solidified his reputation as the bad boy of fashion. His choice of collections compels potent mix of controversy, creativity, and technical mastery had made him renowned and notable artist. An exploration into his art would greatly substantiate visual cultures relevant to psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic theory is a general term for approaches to psychoanalysis which attempt to provide a conceptual framework more-or-less independent of clinical practice rather than based on empirical analysis of clinical case. Its development is described as a primarily unconscious - that is, beyond awareness - and is heavily coloured by emotion. The term often attaches to conceptual uses of analysis in critical theory, literary, film, or other art criticism, broader intersubjective phenomena. For example, those broadly conceived as cultural or social in nature, religion, law, or other non-clinical contexts, sometimes signifying its use as a hermeneutic or interpretative framework. In some respects this can resemble phenomenology insofar as it attempts to account for consciousness and unconsciousness in a more or less eidetic fashion, although there are inherent conflicts between phenomenology as a study of consciousness and the frequent psychoanalytic emphasis on the unconscious or n on-coincidence of consciousness with itself(wiki). Some of the theoretical orientation of psychoanalysis results in part from its separation from psychiatry and institutionalisation closer to departments of philosophy and literature. Its diverse influence have dispersed its implications toward racial and colonial identity, distinct Marxist positions that had attempt to use psychoanalysis in the study of ideology, work in literary studies informed by philosophy, psychology, neurology, Freudian and Lacanian theory. Theory can be so expansive a container as to include the work of Gilles Deleuze and Flix Guattari, who believed psychoanalysis ultimately radically reductionist and strongly opposed the psychiatric institutions of their time. Sometimes it heavily informs gender studies and queer theory. Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, and Jacques Lacan are often treated as canonical thinkers by Lacanian psychoanalysts despite the considerable objections to their authority. Freud's psychoanalytic theory provided a radically new approach to the analysis and treatment of what had been perceived as abnormal adult behaviour. Behaviours were once ignored and were rather substituted with psychological explanation. The novelty of Freud's approach was in recognizing that neurotic behavior is not random or